The sun's vast energy source but the beginning of life and the origin of all other energies. In about 6000 million years of the birth of the fireball passes per second 2.4 million tons of the Sun's mass is converted into energy. Given that about 333 thousand times the weight of the Earth's sun. This can be a great source of energy, light oil and 5 billion next year to take into account.
Sun of gases such as hydrogen (8/86%) and helium (3%) and 63 other elements, notably oxygen, carbon, neon and nitrogen is formed.
The temperature at the center of the Sun is about 10 or 14 million degrees Celsius heat from its surface with close to 5600 degrees and is released in the form of electromagnetic waves in space.
A distance of 150 million kilometers from the Sun and the Earth actually takes 8 minutes and 18 seconds sunlight to reach the ground. So share the Earth receives energy from the sun is the small amount of radiant energy. Even fossil fuels stored in the earth, wind energy, waterfall, waves and many other items, including the results of the energy received by the Earth from the sun.
Solar energy into other forms of energy can be converted directly or indirectly, such as heat and electricity. The main barriers to using solar energy include variable intermittent vast amounts of energy and its distribution.
Solar energy for water heating, the dynamic use, space heating of buildings, drying agricultural products used to produce electricity.
In 1830 the English astronomer John Herschel John Herschel called a solar collector box to cook food during a trip to Africa.
Ftvv Ltaykha test their electrical applications, a process by which sunlight energy is converted directly to electricity. Electricity can be produced directly from solar energy and photovoltaic devices or indirectly from steam generators using solar thermal reserves to heat up to a functional fluid are used.
Photo energy Vltatyk
Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity through a photo cell Vltatyk (pvs), which is commonly called a solar cell. Solar cell is a non-mechanical device usually made of alloyed silicon.
Sunlight solar energy photons or particles made. This energy photons contain variable amounts of different wavelengths optical spectra are similar.
When photons hit a Vltatyk photo cell, it may be reflected, pass straight through, or be absorbed. Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity, or enough energy When the sun is absorbed by the body semiconductor, electrons from the atoms of the object to be moved.
Certain behavior during the makes the front surface of the cell surface that will accept for more free electrons .bna these electrons naturally migrate to the surface.
When electrons and holes are leaving the position n The number of electrons is formed, each of which carry a negative charge and go to the front cell surface, resulting in a failure to balance the load between the rear surfaces of a front cell polarity voltage potential .shbyh battery positive and negative results.
When two surfaces of an internal road, the electricity flows.
Vltatyk photo-cell base building block is a pv system.
Individual cells can be used to measure the limits to cm10 cm 1 from one side to the other side is variable.
However, be 1 or 2 watts, which is enough energy to do more, that's not the boards to increase energy efficiency, cells are electrically connected to the indoor air is a hardware module.
Modules can be linked for forming an arrangement.
The term refers to power up the entire screen, although it made modulus than a bot or a few thousand, the number of required modules can be connected to the array size required (energy) form. Vltatyk run a photo makeup depends on the energy of the sun.
Weather conditions (such as cloud and fog) has an important impact on the solar energy received by an array pv. Instead, it is the executive technology. Most modules are about 10 percent efficient in converting photo Vltatyk Anrzhykhvrshyd be linked with further research for this work day to 20 percentage.
Pv cells bell was discovered in 1954 by Bell Telephone Research sensitivity to the sun, particularly a silicone water tested in the past. First in 1950, pvs were used to power satellites in space.
The success of commercial applications for the technology in space pvs pvs photosynthesis systems produced .sadhtryn energy Vltatyk a large number of small calculators and wrist watches that provide daily used.
More complex systems electricity to pump water, power communications devices, providing even provide electricity for our homes.
Also, the environmental impact is minimal Vltatyk a telephoto system, the system does not require water for cooking and ancillary product production CELLS Ftvvltatyk, such as batteries, direct current (dc) produce generally is used for small ways ( electronics) when the direct current Ftvvltatyk cells for commercial applications or solder used in electrical applications.
Electronic networks must alternating current (AC) for use converter turn, Inverter direct current to alternating current conversion tools that are there. PVS has historically been used to generate electricity in remote places. However, a market for the production and distribution of PVS may be irregularities with prices, conversion and distribution of electricity to be developed simultaneously with the disorder.
Zhnratvhay alternative small-scale numerical stacks in electrical power distribution system can improve credit economy.
History
Understanding solar energy and use it for many different purposes dates back to prehistoric times. Perhaps the era of pottery, then Clergymen temples to help large gold cup polished and solar radiation, Tshdanhay altar were clear. One of the Egyptian pharaohs temple with its doors open sunrise and sunset doors were closed.
moving the sun's rays from the remote base have been focused on Roman ships, and so they set fire to the Caillebotte. Ancient Iranians in Iran's traditional architecture reflects the special attention of the proper and effective use of solar energy in ancient times was.
resulted in the advanced industrial countries were forced to issue energy in other ways (other than the use of fossil fuels) are more serious attention.
Applications of solar energy
In the present era of solar energy is used by different systems that include:
The use of solar thermal energy for domestic, industrial and power plants.
The direct conversion of sunlight into electricity by devices called photovoltaic.
The use of solar thermal energy This division of power and non-power applications of solar energy is composed of two groups.
Power generation applications.
Their installations using solar thermal energy absorbed is converted into electricity, solar thermal power plants, called the facility on the basis of existing, single-focused and based on geometric shapes concentrator are divided into three categories:
Parabolic mirror plants which receiver they are studs
The receiver located on a tower of power plants and sunlight reflected by mirrors Big-name Hlyvstat to it. (Central receiver)
Plants of the receiver parabolic dish (dish) is
Before explaining the solar power plant should be given a detailed explanation of how plants produce electricity. It is better to know in every generation, including hydro power plants, steam power plants and gas power plants to produce electricity from electrical generators, which may turn the generator to produce electricity. This rotational energy to electrical generators provide a device called a turbine. Thus we can say that generators convert the kinetic energy into electrical energy. Provide kinetic energy generators, turbines are different types of turbines in steam power plants that pressure steam turbines and very high temperatures, causing them to flow into the turbine blades is coming. Hydroelectric power dams that are installed in the potential energy of the water is caused to flow in the turbine blades.
Nevertheless, the potential energy of water in hydroelectric power plants is converted into kinetic energy and then into electricity in thermal power plants based on burning fossil fuels such as oil, water in the closed system inside the boiler plants (boilers) is converted to steam, thereby thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy and then into electricity in power plants, gas turbines that are driven directly by gas burning generators run and thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy and then into electricity. But the main task of the solar and solar thermal power plants generate steam for power turbines, or in other words we can say that this type of plant consists of two parts:
Solar systems that absorb sunlight and generate steam using heat is absorbed.
System called traditional system like other thermal power plants, steam generated by the turbine and generator to make electricity.
A linear parabolic solar thermal power plants
At the plant, which Knndhhayy for linear parabolic reflectors are used to concentrate the sun's rays in the focal line of the receiver tube located in the focal line reflectors. Inside this tube oil is going to heat radiation from the sun is hot.
Hot oil and water into steam from heat exchanger circuits in conventional thermal power plants is transmitted to a steam turbine and generator to produce electric power becomes to help.
taken into consideration.
The vacuum created between the two pipes brought to the radiation emitted by the sun all day to reach the recipient directly to the pipe.
There is also a solar tracking system at the plant with parabolic mirrors that follow the sun's rays and keep it focused on the pipe receiving them.
Changes in solar radiation at the plant and storage tank heated by fossil fuel are compensated. In some countries such as the United States of America - Spain - Egypt - Mexico - India and Morocco linear parabolic power plants that the plant has been used or are in the construction phase or during operation. In Iran, clinical practice and research in the field of power plants with a capacity of 350 kilowatts have been completed and the project is a research powerhouse by Renewable Energy Organization of Iran in Shiraz is ongoing and is expected to be commissioned by the end of 83.
All stages of study, design and construction of the plant entirely by Iranian engineers Mkhtssyn and done.
It is obvious that with increasing technical and scientific capacity as a result of the implementation of solar energy power plant in Shiraz, Iran Iran's Abed experienced researchers as limited as countries re-focused manufacturer of solar power plants will be linear parabolic reflectors.
Thermal power plants of Central Receiver
The power plant consists of a large number of mirrors reflect solar radiation by a field called Hlyvstat on a receiver at the top of the tower was focused deployment is relatively high. As a result of the high thermal energy beam focus that energy is achieved by the working fluid in the receiver is in motion, absorbed by the cooling, heat exchanger water and steam, of choice for the power of the the pressure and temperature of superheated steam, can be transferred and traditional designed for use in turbine generator is produced.
The working fluid in the heat exchanger in the water and turn it into steam under high pressure and high temperature is. In some systems the working fluid is water vapor turns directly into the recipient.
Studies in technology and systems to the power plants and numerous laboratories and institutes around the world are active in this field.
Construction of the first solar power plant of the Central Receiver by Renewable Energy Organization of Iran and with the help of consulting firms, domestic manufacturer with a capacity of one megawatt and water and steam in Taloqan working fluid flows. All preliminary studies and surveys potential and plant design completed and a prototype has been built Hlyvstat.
Thermal power plants of the type plate
mechanical and electrical converts.
Solar chimneys
warm air that is produced by solar energy in an oven and the chimney or tower which is located in the center of greenhouses, directed.
The benefits of solar power plants
The establishment and development of future solar power plants fruitful and extensive areas to help provide self-sufficiency and dependence on oil exports. Shaysthast now proceed to mention a few of the benefits of this plant.
- A) the production of electricity without fuel
Solar power requires no fuel, unlike fossil power plants that generated electricity price and the price of oil is always changing. There is no fluctuation in solar power plants and electricity prices can be kept constant for a long time.
B) do not need a lot of water
Solar power, especially solar chimneys with warm water need to do so for arid regions like Iran are very important. (Traditional thermal power plants during exercise requires a lot of water).
C) lack of environmental pollution
While solar power plants generate electricity without any pollution in the air and do not produce harmful toxins and fossil power plants, if the weather and your surroundings with the consumption of oil, gas or coal pollute. Nuclear power plants produce radioactive nuclear waste that are very dangerous and pollute the environment and create huge problems for the inhabitants of the planet.
D) ability to provide small and regional networks
Solar power plants can generate electricity to power their electricity network and also the possibility of providing small area networks, the need to establish a long high voltage lines for electricity transmission grids do not need to cost a lot of.
E) Amortization of low and high life
Solar power plants for technical reasons and the lack of depreciation are extreme long life while fossil power plants between 15 and 30 years old have been calculated.
C) do not need specialist
Solar power plants need to have excellent specialist and can be used to automatically dropped if the high-level professionals is essential in nuclear power plants require an ongoing and intensive care.
Non-power applications
Non-power applications of solar thermal energy include but is the most important of them are: water heaters, solar shower - solar heating and cooling - water heaters - solar dryer - Solar Water Heaters - solar ovens and solar cells.
A - solar water heaters and solar shower
Buildings produce hot water using solar energy is the most economical methods can be used to provide hot water for sanitary solar thermal energy in homes and public places, especially in locations where there is fuel use. If you increase the capacity of these systems can be used in solar baths. So far, according to the geographical location of a large number of solar water heaters and solar shower multiple devices in different parts of the country, including the provinces of Khorasan - Installation of Sistan and Baluchestan and Yazd is.
B - heating and cooling, and solar air conditioning
[[First solar house built in 1939, in which the heat sink season for the application of heat over the years have been used.]] Heating and cooling buildings using solar energy, the idea of a new, which in 1930 was raised in less was a decade of significant progress. By adding a so-called absorption refrigeration system to solar systems are not only hot water and heating systems in buildings used for cooling the heat seasons.
C - solar desalination
When the heat received from the sun at low temperatures the water evaporates and the salt brine remains only to work.
The evaporated water can be set using different methods and thus fresh water produced. In this way, the clean water needed in areas that do not have access to fresh water, such as islands provided.
Solar fresh water for domestic and industrial are made in two sizes. Industrial type can be used in high-volume freshwater cities.
D - solar dryer
Drying food has been used since ancient times for their maintenance and Neanderthals drying considered an art.
The solar dryers directly or indirectly from solar energy is used for drying materials and natural or forced air flow and drying operation is accelerated. Solar dryers in various designs and sizes and are designed for a variety of products and applications.
C - solar ovens
Solar cooker devices were first made by a person named Nicholas. Solar cooking basics collect the sun's rays on a focal point and temperature rise is at that point. Today, there are various designs of these systems that the projects in a variety of locations including South Africa and also have good results. Use the oven, especially in the eastern regions of the country are faced with the problem of fuel shortages will be very useful.
C - solar furnace
Nvtvra first solar furnace in France in the eighteenth century building with a wood pile burned at a distance of 60 meters.
Bessemer steel father also was required heat your grill from solar energy. The most common system is a solar oven consists of two mirrors, one flat and one spherical. The sun was flat mirror and a spherical mirror is reflected by the mirror. According to the laws of optics Whenever dealt with the beam parallel to the axis mirror focuses at the center of a vast thermal energy of the sun to such a point that this point is to high temperatures. Today numerous projects in the field of solar furnaces around the world is being designed and implemented.
G - solar homes
Ancient Iranians solar energy to reduce consumption of heating their homes in winter wood used. Their buildings were built to order in winter sunlight shining into the living room, but on hot summer days the room was in shadow. In most cultures around the world as examples of such projects can be seen. In the years between the two world wars in Europe and the United States numerous projects in the field of solar cells made and tested. From then on a certain development in this field took place. In these homes, try solar energy for lighting - provide hot water for sanitary - heating and cooling the building and use of building materials useful to prevent heat loss and energy.
PV systems
The phenomenon of light without using the driving mechanism, the phenomenon of photovoltaic generated electricity and to any system that used this phenomenon is called the photovoltaic system. Photovoltaic systems are one of the most frequently used renewable energy and has multiple systems with different capacities (5.0 kW to several MW) installation has been around the world and given the reliability and performance of these systems every day the number of applicants is added. The current and voltage in series and parallel solar cells can be used to obtain acceptable. The result is a set of cells in series and parallel Panel (Panel) photovoltaic say. Today, these cells are made of silicon and silicon generally required material is made from sand in the desert regions of the country, is abundant. So in terms of raw material in Iran, there is no shortage of these cells. PV systems can generally be divided into two main sections that briefly explain them.
1 - solar panels:
It actually converted solar energy into electrical energy without intermediate mechanical. This part of the system specification input control panel view available data rates in accordance with the design and consumer need to load or battery and controls the injection. It should be noted that the constituent elements according to the specifications and needs of the consumer and the electrical load and local weather conditions will be changed.
2 - consumer or charge:
According to the DC output of photovoltaic panels, the consumer can be two types of DC or AC, as well as photovoltaic panels with different arrangements may require different consumers with different powers provided.
Cost and space applications use photovoltaic solar lighting and power the satellites to send messages:
Currently, solar lighting highest use of photovoltaic systems all over the world and every year tens of thousands of worldwide installation of this system is, like electricity, roads and tunnels, especially in areas that do not have access to the electricity network, electricity supply stations borders are far from the electric grid, providing electricity to remote areas Wildlife and protected areas such as islands that have a military dimension. A feeder system units:
All electric energy for home (urban and rural) and commercial centers can be controlled using photovoltaic panels and storage systems and relatively simple, provided. Solar Pumping System:
Pumps photovoltaic system capable of extracting water from wells, canals, springs, rivers, etc .. are responsible for a variety of purposes. Feeder stations and seismic communication system:
Most telecommunications or seismic stations in places where no network and Skhtgzr or high pressure to low pressure Establishment and supply of electrical power station and electrical protection is the economy had been installed. Calculator, clock radios, tape recorders and toys for children or any device that has a dry battery Mykrdhast Another application of the system.
For example, Japan in 1983, about 30 million solar calculator solar cells used in their production, which has an area of about 000/20 square meters and electric power of 500 kW respectively. Photovoltaic power plants:
but the facility has been launched and cost of construction, installation and high maintenance cost, which currently is not economical. Solar glaciers:
The solar refrigerators for the maintenance and health and nutritional services in remote areas and Skhtgzr used. The proper functioning of solar refrigerators has been somewhat during the last 5 years more than 10,000 solar refrigerators for healthcare applications has been launched across Africa. Portable feeder system:
Portability and ease of installation of the advantages of the system power output of 100 watts or a kilowatt-defined systems. Including applications such as uninterruptible power supply in the event of unexpected events feeder system and a nomadic tent camps mentioned forest.